Polarizer is a kind of optical filter
where the light transmission depends strongly on the polarization
state.
Normally, light with linear polarization in a certain direction is
passed, and light polarized in an orthogonal direction is either
absorbed or propagated to a different direction.For other directions of linear polarization with an angle θ against the“passing”direction, the transmission exhibits a cos2 θ
dependence.
That can be understood by considering that linear polarization state as a
linear superposition of the "passing”and the“blocked”state.Most polarizers act
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Polarizing Beamsplitters (PBS) splits incident unpolarized light into two perpendicular linearly polarized light. Among them, p-polarized light passes through completely, while s-polarized light is reflected at 45 deg which makes the emitting direction of s-light vertical to p-light. Additionally, beamsplitters can be used in reverse to combine two
different beams into a single one. Beamsplitters are often classified
according to their construction:cube or plate.Cube PBS are fabricated using two typically right angle prisms.
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Phase retardation plates, or waveplates, are polarizing
optics used to manipulate the polarization state of the transmitting
light without attenuating, deviating, or displacing the light. The
working principle of the plate is to utilize
the birefringence of certain materials which separates the incident
light beam into two beams along two orthogonal optical axes within
the medium. The phase retardation between the two beams of the incident light contributes to changes in the
polarization state.
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YLF is birefringent, which eliminates thermally induced depolarization
loss. The gain and the emission wavelength of Nd:YLF are polarization
dependent: there is the stronger 1047nm ray for π polarization, and a
weaker one at 1053nm for σ polarization. Nd:YLF provides alternative to the more common Nd:YAG laser crystal for near IR
operation.
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Polarization is an important characteristic of light. Polarizers are key optical elements for controlling your polarization,
transmitting a desired polarization state while reflecting, absorbing or
deviating the rest. There is a wide variety of polarizer designs, each
with its own advantages and disadvantages.
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A prism, in optics, is a piece of glass or other transparent object surrounded by two planes that intersect
but are not parallel to each other. The most important parameters of a
prism are the angle and material. Prisms are capable to redirect light at a designated angle or adjust the orientation of an image. Therefore prism is useful for in certain spectroscopes, instruments for analyzing light
and for determining the identity and structure of materials that emit or
absorb light. An optical prism’s design determines how light interacts with it.
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Polarization optics is important for both intra and extra cavity use. By using high contrast thin film polarizers in their design, laser engineers can save weight and volume within the laser system without influencing the output. Compared with polarizing prisms, polarizers have larger incident angle and can be made with larger apertures. Compared with polarizers made from birefringent crystals, the advantage of thin film polarizers made from UVFS or N-BK7 is that they can be fabricated in very large sizes, therefore are
particularly well suited for high laser powers and UV wavelengths.
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A wave plate, also called a phase retarder, is an optical device that changes the polarization state of light by generating an optical path difference (or phase difference) between two mutually orthogonal polarization components. When the incident light passes through wave plates with different types of parameter, the exit light is different, which may be linearly polarized light, elliptically polarized light, circularly polarized light, etc.
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Corner cube prisms are optics which act as corner reflectors.
The basic operation principle is that there are internal reflections on
three mutually orthogonal prism surfaces, producing a direction of a
reflected beam which is nominally parallel to the direction of the
incident beam – with the accuracy limited only by the accuracy of the
surface orientation of the prism.
Precision prisms can offer excellent parallelism of incoming and
reflecting beams.
It is usually specified as an angular deviation, e.g.
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Thin film polarizers are based on interference within a dielectric optical thin-film
coating on a thin glass substrate. They are made from composed materials which include a polarizing film, an inner protective film, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, and an outer protective film. Thin film polarizers are used for polarization separation, that's to say
to change un-polarized beam into linear polarized beam.
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Lithium
Niobate (LiNbO3) is widely used in fiber communication devices as birefringent
crystal and used as electro-optic modulator and Q-switch
for Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF and Ti:Sapphire lasers. It has good mechanical and physical properties and is ideal for optical
polarizing components due to its wide transparency range and low cost. LiNbO3's applications for fiber communication include isolators, circulators, beam displacers, and other polarizing
optics. The transverse modulation is mostly employed for
LiNbO3 crystal.
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Compared with congruent LN (cLN) crysal, the electro-optic
coefficient, nonlinear optical coefficient, periodic polarization
reversal voltage and applied photorefractive properties of
stoichiometric LN (sLN) crystal are greatly improved. With such excellent
physical properties and wide application prospects, sLN crystal has rapidly become a competitive optoelectronic
material.sLN crystals are expected to be thermodynamically stable up to their melting temperature at 1170°C, while keeping a largerelectrical resistivity than cLN crystals by one order of magnitude at any temperature.
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A Pockels cell driver is a high-voltage regulated power supply,
either pulse or continuous, allowing to control a birefringence of an
electro-optical crystal (KTP, KD*P, BBO, etc.) in order to drive the
polarization direction of the light propagating through the crystal.WISOPTIC has developed and produces a variety of Pockels cell drivers
for different applications: from very simple compact devices for
q-switching to precise and powerful fast models for pulse picking,
cavity damping, regenerative amplifier control, etc.
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Polarizing Beamsplitters (PBS) are
designed to split light by polarization state rather than
by wavelength or intensity. PBS are often used in
semiconductor or photonics instrumentation to transmit p-polarized light
while reflecting s-polarized light. Optical isolators use PBS to eliminate feedback-induced damage. PBS are typically designed for 0° or 45° angle of incidence
with a 90° separation of the beams, depending on the configuration.WISOPTIC offers a wide variety of PBS in a
range of configurations including plate, cube, or lateral displacement.
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Tm:YAP crystal is one of the most important crystals for LD pumping 2μm laser. The anisotropic structure of Tm:YAP produces anisotropic emission cross section. Tm:YAP crystals with different orientations have different output wavelengths and operating forms for different functions. Compared with the physical and chemical properties of Tm:YAG, the 795nm pump absorption band of Tm:YAP matches the emission wavelength of commonly used high-power AlGaAs diodes better.
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Diffusion bonded crystal consists of two, three or more parts of crystals with different dopants or same dopant with different doping levels. This material is commonly made by bonding one laser crystal with one or two undoped crystals by precise optical contact and further processing under high temperature.
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Readily available stock of periodically poled MgO:LN crystals can be provided
on short timescales to rapidly meet your application needs, providing
the capability to efficiently generate laser light in a wide range of
wavelengths.MgO:PPLN SHG crystals are available for a wide range of common pump
laser wavelengths from 976 nm to 2100 nm, allowing generation of light
between 488nm and 1050nm.MgO:PPLN OPO are available for 515nm and 1064nm pump sources, allowing
continuous wavelength generation in a selection of ranges in the visible
and IR.MgO: PPLN DFG Crystals are available for
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Gray Track Resistant (GTR) KTP crystals developed by hydrothermal method overcomes the common phenomenon of
electrochromism of the flux-grown KTP, thus has many advantages such as
high electrical resistivity, low insertion loss, low half-wave voltage,
high laser damage threshold, and wide transmission band. So it's very suitable for high power density
applications, where regular flux-grown KTP crystals will suffer from
gray track damage.GTR-KTP crystal has gray track resistance sufficiently greater than
typical flux-grown KTP.
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The periodic polarized KTP (PPKTP) is a novel nonlinear optical material that can be customized to achieve all of the nonlinear applications required in the entire KTP crystal transmission band, without the phase matching limitations of conventional KTP. Moreover, the effective nonlinear coefficient of PPKTP is about 3 times higher than that of conventional KTP. In the nonlinear application of conventional KTP, the crystal must have a single domain structure, but PPKTP crystal has an artificially induced periodic domain structure.
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RTP (RbTiOPO4) is an isomorph of KTP crystal. RTP has many advantages e.g. large nonlinear optical coefficient, large E-O coefficient, high damage threshold (about 1.8 times of KTP), high resistivity, high repetition rate, no hygroscopy and no induced piezo-electric effect with electrical signals up to 60 kHz. The transmission range of RTP is 350 nm to 4500 nm.RTP crystal is widely used in laser Q-switching system with high frequency repetition, high power and narrow pulse width.
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Compared to more commonly used KTP crystal, KTA
crystal has larger non-linear optical and electro-optical
coefficients. KTA has the added benefit of
significantly reduced absorption in the 2 to 5 μm region. It has found
more and more applications in second harmonic generation (SHG), sum and
difference frequency generation (SFG)/(DFG), optical parametric
oscillation/ amplification (OPO/OPA), and electro-optical Q-switching. WISOPTIC do in-house growing and processing KTA crystal with high optical quality and various options of dimensional and coating specifications.
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Beta-Barium Borate (β-BBO) is an excellent nonlinear crystal with combination of a number of unique features: wide transparency region, broad phase-matching range, large nonlinear coefficient, high damage threshold, and excellent optical homogeneity. Therefore, β-BBO provides an attractive solution for various nonlinear optical applications such as OPA, OPCPA, OPO etc.β-BBO also has advantages of large thermal acceptance bandwidth, high damage threshold and small absorption, thus is very suitable for frequency conversion of high peak or average power laser radiation, e.g.
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High temperature phase of α-BBO Crystal (BaB2O4)
is one of the excellent birefringent crystals. It is characterized by
large birefringent coefficient and wide transmission window ranged from
189nm to 3500nm. Due to its high chemical stability and medium hardness,
α-BBO is fabricated easily into many kinds of optical components.The
physical, chemical, thermal and optical properties of α-BBO are similar
to those of β-BBO.
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Nominally pure stoichiometric LiNbO3
shows lower photorefractive damage resistance than congruent crystal;
however, stoichiometric crystals doped with MgO of more than 1.8 mol.
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