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Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Vanadate) is one of the best commercially available material for diode-pumped solid-state lasers, especially for lasers with low or middle power density. For example, Nd:YVO4 is a better choice than Nd:YAG for generating low-power beams in hand-held pointers or other compact lasers. In these applications, Nd:YOV4 has some advantages over Nd:YAG, e.g.

Nd:YAG (Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, Nd:Y3Al5O12) has been and continues to be the most mature and most  widely used crystals for lasers, no matter solid state or lamp pumped, CW or pulsed. It possesses a combination of properties uniquely  favorable for laser operations. Nd:YAG crystals are used in all types of solid-state lasers systems-frequency-doubled continuous wave, high-energy Q-switched, and so on.

Yb:YAG (Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) is one of the most promising laser-active materials with a large absorption bandwidth and typical emission at 1030 nm. Yb:YAG is more suitable for high power diode-pumped lasers than the traditional Nd-doped systems. The broad absorption band enables Yb:YAG to maintain uninterrupted pump efficiency across the typical thermal shift of diode output.

Nd:YAG (Neodimium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) has been and continue to be the most widely used laser crystal for solid-state lasers.

Nd:YVO4 is the most efficient laser crystal for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. The good physical, optical and mechanical properties make Nd:YVO4 an excellent material for high power, stable and cost-effective diode-pumped solid-state lasers.

KTP (KTiOPO4) is one of the most commonly used nonlinear optical materials. For example, it’s regularly used for frequency doubling of Nd:YAG lasers and other Nd-doped lasers, particularly at low or medium-power density. KTP is also widely used as OPO, EOM, optical wave-guide material, and in directional couplers.KTP exhibits a high optical quality, broad transparency range, wide acceptance angle, small walk-off angle, and type I and II non-critical phase-matching (NCPM) in a wide wavelength range.

Ytterbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Yb:YAG) is more suitable for diode-pumping than the traditional Nd-doped laser crystal. Compared with the commonly used Nd:YAG, Yb:YAG has the following advantages: three to four times lower thermal loading per unit pump power and much larger absorption bandwidth to reduce thermal management requirements for diode lasers, longer upper-laser level lifetime.

Ytterbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Yb:YAG) is more suitable for diode-pumping than the traditional Nd-doped laser crystal. Compared with the commonly used Nd:YAG, Yb:YAG has the following advantages: three to four times lower thermal loading per unit pump power and much larger absorption bandwidth to reduce thermal management requirements for diode lasers, longer upper-laser level lifetime.

Cr:YAG (Chromium doped Ytterium Aluminum Garnet, Cr:Y3Al5O12)  crystal is an excellent material for passive Q-switching of Nd:YAG and  other Nd or Yb doped lasers in the wavelength range of 0.8 to 1.2 μm. One of the remarkable features of Cr:YAG is its high damage threshold (500-1000 MW/cm2). Its absorption band extends from 800 nm to 1200 nm and peaks at around 1060nm with a very large absorption cross section.

Diffusion Bonding Crystal consists of two, three or more parts with different types. They are often used to decrease thermal lens effect, that is conducive to the stability of lasers and high-power laser operation.The Crystals being bonded could be a laser crystal doped with laser-active ions, and its counterparts without dopants (e.g. YAG + Nd :YAG).

Cr:YAG  or Cr4+:YAG (Chromium doped Ytterium Aluminum Garnet, Cr:Y3Al5O12)  is an excellent  and widely used electro-optic material for passive Q-switching diode pumped or lamp-pumped Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Nd:YVO4 and other Nd or Yb doped lasers at wavelength 800~1200 nm. With advantages of chemical stability, durable, UV resistant, good thermal conductivity and high damage threshold (＞500 MW/cm2 ) and being easy to be operated, Cr:YAG is popularly used to substitute for many traditional materials such as LiF, organic dyes and color centers.

Phase retardation plates, or waveplates, are polarizing optics used to manipulate the polarization state of the transmitting light without attenuating, deviating, or displacing the light. The working principle of the plate is to utilize the birefringence of certain materials which separates the incident light beam into two beams along two orthogonal optical axes within the medium. The phase retardation between the two beams of the incident light contributes to changes in the polarization state.

KTP Crystal Features• Large Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Coefficients• Wide Phase-matching Acceptance Angle• Broad Temperature and Spectral Bandwidth• High Electro-Optic (E-O) Coefficients • Nonhygroscopic, Good Chemical and Mechanical Properties • Relatively High Damage Threshold for E-O modulatorKTP Crystal Applications1. SHG of Nd:Laser - KTP is the most commonly used material for frequency doubling of Nd:YAG and other Nd-doped lasers, particularly when the power density is at a low or medium level.

Cr: YAG is an excellent crystal for passive Q-switching diode pumped or lamp-pumped Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Nd:YVO4 and other Nd or Yb doped lasers at wavelength from 800 nm to 1200 nm. With advantages of chemical stability, durable, UV resistant, good thermal conductivity and high damage threshold (＞500 MW/cm2 ) and being easy to be operated, Cr:YAG is used widely to substitute for many traditional materials such as LiF, organic Dye and color centers.

Polarizer is a kind of optical filter where the light transmission depends strongly on the polarization state. Normally, light with linear polarization in a certain direction is passed, and light polarized in an orthogonal direction is either absorbed or propagated to a different direction.For other directions of linear polarization with an angle θ against the“passing”direction, the transmission exhibits a cos2 θ dependence. That can be understood by considering that linear polarization state as a linear superposition of the "passing”and the“blocked”state.Most polarizers act

Nd:YAG (Neodimium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) has been and continue to be the most widely used laser crystal for solid-state lasers.

One of the most important drawbacks of popular LiNbO3 crystal is its susceptibility to photorefractive damage (optically induced change of refractive index, usually under exposure with blue or green CW light). The usual way to eliminate this effect is to keep LN crystals at elevated temperatures (400K or more). Another way to prevent photorefractive damage is MgO-doping (usually at levels of around 5 mol% for congruent LN).

Nd: YLF (Nd:LiYF4) is a laser material that acts as an alternative to Nd:YAG. It is very suitable for working in mode-locked state to make pulse lasers at wavelength 1053nm, 1047nm, 1313nm, 1324nm and 1370 nm. Nd:YLF has very small thermal lens effect (much smaller than YAG crystal), wide fluorescent line, and can generate linear-polarized beam. The relatively small stimulated emission cross section of Nd:YLF makes it suitable for continuous work with low threshold.

Polarization optics is important for both intra and extra cavity use. By using high contrast thin film polarizers in their design, laser engineers can save weight and volume within the laser system without influencing the output. Compared with polarizing prisms, polarizers have larger incident angle and can be made with larger apertures. Compared with polarizers made from birefringent crystals, the advantage of thin film polarizers made from UVFS or N-BK7 is that they can be fabricated in very large sizes, therefore are particularly well suited for high laser powers and UV wavelengths.

Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Vanadate) is the most efficient laser crystal for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. Its good physical, optical and mechanical properties make Nd:YVO4 an excellent crystal for high power, stable and cost-effective diode-pumped solid-state lasers, especially for lasers with low or middle power density. Nd:YVO4  is a good choice for highly polarized output at 1342 nm, as the emission line is much stronger than those of its alternatives.

Nd:YLF is an excellent crystal that is very suitable for working in mode-locked mode to obtain short pulse laser. Nd:YLF has very small thermal lens effect (much smaller than YAG crystal), wide fluorescent line, and can generate linear-polarized beam. The relatively small stimulated emission cross section of Nd:YLF makes it suitable for continuous work with low threshold. Nd:YLF crystal has obtained important applications in inertial confinement laser fusion research projects.

Highly doped (50%) Erbium YAG is a well-known laser source for producing 2940nm emission, commonly used in medical (e.g. cosmetic skin resurfacing), and dental (e.g. oral surgery) applications due to the strong water and hydroxapatite absorption at this wavelength.Low doped (< 1%) Erbium YAG hase been studied as an efficient means to generate high power and high energy 1.6 micron 'eye-safe' laser emission thru 2 level resonant pumping schemes.

Nominally pure stoichiometric LiNbO3 shows lower photorefractive damage resistance than congruent crystal; however, stoichiometric crystals doped with MgO of more than 1.8 mol.

Yb:YAG's advantage is a wide pump band and an excellent emission cross section. It is ideal for diode pumping. The broad absorption band enables Yb:YAG to maintain uninterrupted pump efficiency across the typical thermal shift of diode output. High efficiency means a relatively small dimension Yb:YAG laser crystal will produce high power output. Based on the YAG host crystal, Yb:YAG can be quickly integrated into the laser design process.