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Conclusion Considering comprehensive factors such as wide absorption bandwidth, large absorption cross section, long upper energy level lifetime (ms to tens of ms) (see Table 2), ion cross relaxation, increased quantum efficiency, and mature LD pump source, Tm3+ in the 2 μm band, Ho3+ and Er3+ in the 3 μm band must be one of the most important and basic laser sources in the mid-infrared band from 2 to 20 μm, and will compete with Nd3+ and Yb3+ in the 1 μm band.

WISOPTIC is using its newly-set coating machine to do in-house vacuum coatings on crystals and optical components.With our own coating machine and technique, we can provide customers products with excellent quality, e.g. higher surface quality, higher transmittance, and higher LIDT etc.Sorts of dielectric coatings (e.g. AR, HR, PR) are available for crystals (KDP/DKDP, KTP, RTP, BBO, LBO, LN, Nd:YAG, etc) and optical components (laser windows, mirrors, PBS, etc).

1. 4  ~ 3 μm laser crystals doped with Er2+, U4+, Ho3+, Dy3+  As an active ion, Ho3+ has achieved laser output in the ~3 μm band (5I6→5I7). In 1976, researchers first realized 2.9 μm laser output in Ho:YAP crystal. In 1990, Bowman et al. obtained 2.85 μm and 2.92 μm laser outputs in Ho:YAP crystals, and obtained 2.92 μm band-tuned laser outputs in Ho:YAP crystals in the following year. In 2017, Nie et al. pumped Ho, Pr: LiLuF4 crystals with a 1 150 nm Raman fiber laser, achieving 2.95 μm watt-level laser output for the first time. In 2018, Zhang et al.

Experimental SetupIn order to obtain a 266 nm deep ultraviolet laser with high efficiency and stable operation, this paper built an all-solid-state 266 nm deep ultraviolet laser generation device as shown in Figure 1, which consists of a cavity-dumped all-solid-state Nd:YVO4 laser, a double-frequency system, and a quadruple-frequency system.Fig.

2.2 Theoretical inversion cognition of precursor characteristics through damage morphologyThe typical damage morphology of multilayer dielectric films with picosecond pulse in the fundamental frequency band is high-density and small-scale. In order to understand the destruction process, we designed a multi-layer dielectric film system with high fundamental frequency and high reflection, and used a 1064 nm 30 ps laser to conduct a destruction experiment. Figure 9 shows a typical damage morphology.

1.5  ~ 4 μm laser crystals doped with Fe2+ Compared with Cr:ZnSe, Fe:ZnSe has a smaller band gap and is prone to produce thermally induced multi-phonon quenching, so both laser power and efficiency are low. In 1999, Adams et al. realized the tunable wavelength of 3.98-4.54 μm at low temperature for the first time in Fe:ZnSe, and obtained laser output with slope efficiency of 8.2%. Pumped by Er3+ doped or Cr:ZnSe @ 2.7 μm laser, 4.0 μm wavelength and 1 W level continuous laser output have been obtained at room temperature. In 2020, Pushkin et al.

1. 2   ~ 2.3 μm laser crystals doped with Tm3+ Compared with the 2 μm band (3F4 → 3H6) of Tm3+, the 2.3 μm laser operation based on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition of the Tm3+ doped laser medium has the following advantages: (1) ~790 nm LD is directly pumped to the upper energy level of the laser. Tm3+ has a strong absorption around 790 nm (directly corresponding to the 3H4 → 3H6 transition), which can match the emission wavelength of the current mature commercial AlGaAs LD, so as to realize high-performance LD pumping all-solid-state high-efficiency 2.3 μm laser operation.

2-5 μm mid-infrared laser crystals have important applications in directional infrared countermeasures, anti-terrorism, biomedicine, environmental monitoring, optical communications, strong field physics, laser fusion, and mid-to-far infrared (nonlinear frequency conversion) basic light sources, etc. With the related development of the pump source technology of semiconductor laser (laser diode, LD), solid-state laser and fiber laser (including resonant pump), mid-infrared crystal has become one of the four main laser crystals developed currently.

3.2 Laser Pretreatment TechnologyLaser pretreatment is a technology that uses sub-threshold laser energy flow to process components before they are practically used. It can effectively improve the ability of some optical components to resist laser damage. The main function of laser pretreatment is to remove defects or reduce thermodynamic response under laser irradiation.

1. Research status and future development trend of mid-infrared (2-5 μm) laser crystalsAccording to the order of laser wavelength from short to long, the main material that have achieved laser output (including some optical fibers and transparent ceramics for comparison) are listed in Table 1. Among them, the highest continuous laser output power of laser crystals corresponding to different wave bands is shown in Figure 2. The laser output power of activated ions shows an obvious attenuation trend as the wavelength expands to the mid-infrared direction.