The EO Q-switch (Pockels cell) is an electro-optic device in which the crystal
produces linear changes in the birefringence of the crystal (in contrast
to the Kerr Effect, which is quadratic with E).
Pockels cells are essential components in various optical devices such
as Q-switches for lasers, free space electro-optical modulators, free
space switches. WISOPTIC use highly deuterated DKDP (KD*P) crystal (D%>99%) to make high quality Q-switches with high laser induced damage threshold.
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E-O Q-switch based on DKDP (KD*P) crystals are one of the most popular Pockels cells in the market.Deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate has good transmission from
390 nm to 1400 nm (0.39 μm – 1.4 μm) and combined with high
electro-optical coefficients makes it suitable for Pockels cells.Highly deuterated DKDP
(D>99% – WISOPTIC) is necessary to reach effective electro-optical
response.
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A Pockels cell driver is a high-voltage regulated power supply,
either pulse or continuous, allowing to control a birefringence of an
electro-optical crystal (KTP, KD*P, BBO, etc.) in order to drive the
polarization direction of the light propagating through the crystal.WISOPTIC has developed and produces a variety of Pockels cell drivers
for different applications: from very simple compact devices for
q-switching to precise and powerful fast models for pulse picking,
cavity damping, regenerative amplifier control, etc.
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Pockels Cell Driver for Q-Switching of Flashlamp Pumped LasersThese drivers are designed for Q-switching of nanosecond flashlamp pumped lasers without use of phase retardation plates, for example to drive a DKDP Pockels cell in YAG lasers for aesthetic therapy. High voltage is applied to Pockels cell in order to inhibit oscillation.
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Characterized by the excelent UV transmission, high damage threshold,
and high birefringence, KDP (Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate) and KD*P
(Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate) are useful commercial NLO materials
for doubling, tripling and quadrupling of Nd:YAG laser at room
temperature or an elevated temperature. They are also excellent
electro-optic (EO) crystals with high electro-optic coefficients, widely
used as electro-optical modulators and Pockels cells for Q-switched
lasers.
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Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) and Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate (KD*P, DKDP) crystals are among the most widley used nonlinear crystals. Both of these crystals are routinely used for the doubling, triplingand quadrupling of Nd:YAG lasers at room temperatures.
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The high
damage threshold makes BBO cells more attractive than others in the high
power systems. Like LiNbO3 Pockels cells, BBO Pockels cells work in
transverse mode, which makes the cells very compact, and the half-wave
voltage designable. BBO Pockels cells are also suitable for systems with
high repetition rates.WISOPTIC has been granted of several patents for its technology of BBO Pockels cells. WISOPTIC’s mass products of BBO Pockels cell are gaining worldwide customers’ interest and trust for its high cost performance.
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RTP possesses a large electro-optic impact for light propagating along either the x or y direction (electric powered along z). It functions right optical transparency from around 400nm to over 4µm. RTP offers a high resistance to optical damage with energy ~1Gw/cm2 for 1ns pulses at 1064nm. It is largely total lack of piezo-electric resonances at 200kHz and probable beyond. The primary distinction between RTP and BBO whilst used for Q-switching pertains to the common power degree at which the Q-switch is capable of be used practically.
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Potassium dideuterium phosphate DKDP (KD * P) crystal has low optical loss, high extinction ratio, and excellent electro-optical performance. DKDP Pockels cells are made by using the longitudinal effect of DKDP crystals. The modulation effect is stable and the pulse width is small.
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Potassium
Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) and Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate (DKDP)
are among the most widely-used commercial NLO materials, characterized
by good UV transmission, high damage threshold, and high birefringence,
though their NLO coefficients are relatively low. They are usually used
for doubling, tripling or quadrupling of a Nd:YAG laser (at constant
temperature).
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BBO features good optical transparency from around 200nm to over 2µm, offers a high
resistance to optical damage with power handling >3GW/cm2 for 1ns pulses at 1064nm. It
is possible to use BBO Pockels cells at average power levels of
hundreds of watts and power densities of several kW/cm2. In addition, BBO Q-switches have very
low levels of piezo-electric resonances.
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RTP Pockels cell has a number of benefits compared to other electro-optic materials:Non hygroscopicLow switching voltageGood extinction ratioNo piezo and pyro-electric effectsUsed either as RTP Q-switch or RTP pulsepicker WISOPTIC has developed precise alignment techniques that enable
us to offer our customers complete, plug-and-play RTP Pockels cell
assemblies with a superior level of performance.Crystal Size4x4x10 mm6x6x10 mm8x8x10 mmQuantity of Crystals222Static Half-wave Voltage @ 1064 nmX-cut: 1700 VY-cut: 1400 VX-cut: 2500 VY-cut: 2100 VX-cut: 3300 VY-cut: 2750 VE
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Basically all Pockels cell drivers are made based on
solid-state electronic technology, using high voltage transistors such
as MOSFETs.
Multiple high voltage transistors may have to be stacked, taking care to
achieve an even distribution of voltage across those.
Instead of using some heavily isolated floating gate drive circuitry for
the different transistors, one may use certain advanced ideas such as
implementing so-called avalanche switch stacks involving avalanche
diodes and/or avalanche bipolar transistors.Device lifetimes can be very long, provided that properly engineered
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Cr:YAG (Chromium doped Ytterium Aluminum Garnet, Cr:Y3Al5O12) crystal is an excellent material for passive Q-switching of Nd:YAG and other Nd or Yb doped lasers in the wavelength range of 0.8 to 1.2 μm. One of the remarkable features of Cr:YAG is its high damage threshold (500-1000 MW/cm2). Its absorption band extends from 800 nm to 1200 nm and peaks at around 1060nm with a very large absorption cross section.
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KDP (KH2PO4 ) and DKDP/KD*P (KD2PO4 ) are among the most widely-used commercial NLO materials. With good UV transmission, high damage threshold, and high birefringence, these material are usually used for doubling, tripling and quadrupling of Nd:YAG laser. With high E-O coefficient, KDP and DKDP crystals are also widely used to make Pockels cells for laser system, such as Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Ti-Sapphire, Alexandrite, etc.
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BBO(Beta-Barium Borate, β-BaB2O4)based Pockels cells operate from approximately 0.2 - 1.65 µm and are not subject to tracking degradation. BBO exhibits low piezoelectric response, good thermal stability, and low absorption. Low
piezoelectric ringing makes this Pockels cell attractive for the control
of high-power and high-pulse repetition rate (hundreds of kilohertz, up to 1MHz) lasers.
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BBO(Beta-Barium Borate, β-BaB2O4)based Pockels cells operate from approximately 0.2 - 1.65 µm and are not subject to tracking degradation. BBO exhibits low piezoelectric response, good thermal stability, and low absorption. Due to the low piezoelectric coupling coefficients of BBO, BBO Pockels cells function at repetition rates of hundreds of kilohertz.
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Yb:YAG's advantage is a wide pump band and an excellent emission
cross section. It is ideal for diode pumping. The broad absorption band
enables Yb:YAG to maintain uninterrupted pump efficiency across the
typical thermal shift of diode output. High efficiency means a
relatively small dimension Yb:YAG laser crystal will produce high power
output. Based on the YAG host crystal, Yb:YAG can be quickly integrated
into the laser design process.
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LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate, LN) crystal is a multifunctional material that integrates properties of piezoelectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear, electro-optical, photoelastic, etc. LiNbO3 has good thermal stability and chemical stability.Among the EO crystals, LN and DKDP are the two primary material that have been practical. DKDP crystals can be easily grown with a high optical homogeneity, which can satisfy the requirement of a large caliber Pockels cell.
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Polarizing Beamsplitters (PBS) are
designed to split light by polarization state rather than
by wavelength or intensity. PBS are often used in
semiconductor or photonics instrumentation to transmit p-polarized light
while reflecting s-polarized light. Optical isolators use PBS to eliminate feedback-induced damage. PBS are typically designed for 0° or 45° angle of incidence
with a 90° separation of the beams, depending on the configuration.WISOPTIC offers a wide variety of PBS in a
range of configurations including plate, cube, or lateral displacement.
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The improved hydrothermal-grown KTP crystal overcomes the common
electrochromism damage of flux-grown KTP. The hydrothermal-grown KTP (HGTR-KTP, or GTR-KTP) has high damage
threshold, large effective electro-optic coefficients and lower
half-wave voltage. KTP EO Q-switches made by HGTR-KTP crystals utilize thermally compensated
double crystal designs. They are mainly used in pulse lasers with narrow pulse width and high repetition frequency.
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HGTR (high anti-grey track) KTP crystal developed by hydrothermal method overcomes the common phenomenon of electrochromism of the flux-grown KTP, thus has many advantages such as high electrical resistivity, low insertion loss, low half-wave voltage, high laser damage threshold, and wide transmission band.KTP Pockels cells made by HGTR-KTP crystal are mainly used in pulse lasers with narrow pulse width and high repetition frequency.
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LiNbO3 crystal is a low cost photoelectric material with good mechanical
and physical properties as well as high optical homogeneity. It has
been widely used as frequency doublers for wavelength > 1mm and
optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) pumped at 1064nm as well as
quasi-phase-matched (QPM) devices. With preferable E-O coefficients,
LiNbO3 crystal has become the most commonly used material for Q-switches
and phase modulators, waveguide substrate, and surface acoustic wave
(SAW) wafers, etc.
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KTP Pockels are based on hydrothermal-grown high resistivity KTP crystals overcomes the common
electrochromism damage of flux-grown KTP. Hydrothermal-grown KTP crystals have better optical homogeneity and higher damage threshold
comparing to RTP crystals. This KTP crystal has large effective electro-optic coefficients and lower
half-wave voltage. The Q-switch is built utilizing thermally compensated
double crystal designs.
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