Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) and Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate (KD*P, DKDP) crystals are among the most widley used nonlinear crystals. Both of these crystals are routinely used for the doubling, triplingand quadrupling of Nd:YAG lasers at room temperatures.
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KDP (KH2PO4 ) and DKDP/KD*P (KD2PO4 ) are among the most widely-used commercial NLO materials. With good UV transmission, high damage threshold, and high birefringence, these material are usually used for doubling, tripling and quadrupling of Nd:YAG laser. With high E-O coefficient, KDP and DKDP crystals are also widely used to make Pockels cells for laser system, such as Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Ti-Sapphire, Alexandrite, etc.
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Potassium dideuterium phosphate DKDP (KD * P) crystal has low optical loss, high extinction ratio, and excellent electro-optical performance. DKDP Pockels cells are made by using the longitudinal effect of DKDP crystals. The modulation effect is stable and the pulse width is small.
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E-O Q-switch based on DKDP (KD*P) crystals are one of the most popular Pockels cells in the market.Deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate has good transmission from
390 nm to 1400 nm (0.39 μm – 1.4 μm) and combined with high
electro-optical coefficients makes it suitable for Pockels cells.Highly deuterated DKDP
(D>99% – WISOPTIC) is necessary to reach effective electro-optical
response.
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Characterized by the excelent UV transmission, high damage threshold,
and high birefringence, KDP (Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate) and KD*P
(Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate) are useful commercial NLO materials
for doubling, tripling and quadrupling of Nd:YAG laser at room
temperature or an elevated temperature. They are also excellent
electro-optic (EO) crystals with high electro-optic coefficients, widely
used as electro-optical modulators and Pockels cells for Q-switched
lasers.
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Potassium
Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) and Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate (DKDP)
are among the most widely-used commercial NLO materials, characterized
by good UV transmission, high damage threshold, and high birefringence,
though their NLO coefficients are relatively low. They are usually used
for doubling, tripling or quadrupling of a Nd:YAG laser (at constant
temperature).
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The EO Q-switch (Pockels cell) is an electro-optic device in which the crystal
produces linear changes in the birefringence of the crystal (in contrast
to the Kerr Effect, which is quadratic with E).
Pockels cells are essential components in various optical devices such
as Q-switches for lasers, free space electro-optical modulators, free
space switches. WISOPTIC use highly deuterated DKDP (KD*P) crystal (D%>99%) to make high quality Q-switches with high laser induced damage threshold.
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Polarizing Beamsplitters (PBS) splits incident unpolarized light into two perpendicular linearly polarized light. Among them, p-polarized light passes through completely, while s-polarized light is reflected at 45 deg which makes the emitting direction of s-light vertical to p-light. Additionally, beamsplitters can be used in reverse to combine two
different beams into a single one. Beamsplitters are often classified
according to their construction:cube or plate.Cube PBS are fabricated using two typically right angle prisms.
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A Pockels cell driver is a high-voltage regulated power supply,
either pulse or continuous, allowing to control a birefringence of an
electro-optical crystal (KTP, KD*P, BBO, etc.) in order to drive the
polarization direction of the light propagating through the crystal.WISOPTIC has developed and produces a variety of Pockels cell drivers
for different applications: from very simple compact devices for
q-switching to precise and powerful fast models for pulse picking,
cavity damping, regenerative amplifier control, etc.
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KTA (Potassium Titanyle Arsenate, KTiOAsO4 ) is a nonlinear optical crystal similar to KTP in which atom P is replaced by As. It has good non-linear optical and electro-optical properties, e.g.
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Basically all Pockels cell drivers are made based on
solid-state electronic technology, using high voltage transistors such
as MOSFETs.
Multiple high voltage transistors may have to be stacked, taking care to
achieve an even distribution of voltage across those.
Instead of using some heavily isolated floating gate drive circuitry for
the different transistors, one may use certain advanced ideas such as
implementing so-called avalanche switch stacks involving avalanche
diodes and/or avalanche bipolar transistors.Device lifetimes can be very long, provided that properly engineered
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KTA (Potassium Titanyle Arsenate, KTiOAsO4 ) is a nonlinear optical crystal similar to KTP in which atom P is replaced by As. It has good non-linear optical and electro-optical properties, e.g.
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LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate, LN) crystal is a multifunctional material that integrates properties of piezoelectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear, electro-optical, photoelastic, etc. LiNbO3 has good thermal stability and chemical stability.Among the EO crystals, LN and DKDP are the two primary material that have been practical. DKDP crystals can be easily grown with a high optical homogeneity, which can satisfy the requirement of a large caliber Pockels cell.
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LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate, LN) crystal is a multifunctional material that integrates properties of piezoelectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear, electro-optical, photoelastic, etc. LiNbO3 has good thermal stability and chemical stability. Among the EO crystals, LN and DKDP are the two primary material that have been practical. DKDP crystals can be easily grown with a high optical homogeneity, which can satisfy the requirement of a large caliber Pockels cell.
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Pockels Cell Driver for Q-Switching of Flashlamp Pumped LasersThese drivers are designed for Q-switching of nanosecond flashlamp pumped lasers without use of phase retardation plates, for example to drive a DKDP Pockels cell in YAG lasers for aesthetic therapy. High voltage is applied to Pockels cell in order to inhibit oscillation.
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The periodic polarized KTP (PPKTP) is a novel nonlinear optical material that can be customized to achieve all of the nonlinear applications required in the entire KTP crystal transmission band, without the phase matching limitations of conventional KTP. Moreover, the effective nonlinear coefficient of PPKTP is about 3 times higher than that of conventional KTP. In the nonlinear application of conventional KTP, the crystal must have a single domain structure, but PPKTP crystal has an artificially induced periodic domain structure.
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Tm:YAP crystal is one of the most important crystals for LD pumping 2μm laser. The anisotropic structure of Tm:YAP produces anisotropic emission cross section. Tm:YAP crystals with different orientations have different output wavelengths and operating forms for different functions. Compared with the physical and chemical properties of Tm:YAG, the 795nm pump absorption band of Tm:YAP matches the emission wavelength of commonly used high-power AlGaAs diodes better.
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Nd:YLF is an excellent crystal that is very suitable for working in mode-locked mode to obtain short pulse laser. Nd:YLF has very small thermal lens effect (much smaller than YAG crystal), wide fluorescent line, and can generate linear-polarized beam. The relatively small stimulated emission cross section of Nd:YLF makes it suitable for continuous work with low threshold. Nd:YLF crystal has obtained important applications in inertial confinement laser fusion research projects.
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Lithium Niobate (LN) crystal has excellent electro-optic, acousto-optic, piezoelectric and nonlinear properties. More and more attention has been paid on its application in military technology. LN crystal has large nonlinear optical coefficient and can easily achieve non-critical phase matching. As an E-O material, LN crystal has been used as an important optical waveguide material.
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LN Crystal is a multifunctional material that integrates properties of piezoelectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear, electro-optical, photoelastic, etc. LiNbO3 has good thermal stability and chemical stability.As one of the most thoroughly characterized nonlinear optical materials, LiNbO3 is suitable for a variety of frequency conversion applications. For example, it is widely used as frequency doublers for wavelength >1 μm and optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) pumped at 1064 nm as well as quasi-phase-matched (QPM) devices.
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Beta-BBO crystal is an important nonlinear optical crystal
with combination of unique optical properties, such as broad transmission and
phase matching ranges, large nonlinear coefficient, high damage
threshold and excellent optical homogeneity. The β-BBO crystal is an efficient material for the second, third and fourth
harmonic generation of Nd:YAG lasers, and the best NLO material for the
fifth harmonic generation at 213 nm.
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Tm3+:YLF crystal has a high absorption peak around 792 nm which locates in the diode pumping range, and also has a cross-relaxation process that provides the possibility for each absorbed pump photon to produce to ions at higher laser energy level. Tm3+: YLF laser is very suitable as a pump source for Ho3+:YAG laser. This is due to the good overlap of the emission band of Tm3+:YLF and the absorption band of Ho3+:YAG, and the ability to produce a linearly polarized output.
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Diffusion bonded crystal consists of two, three or more parts of crystals with different dopants or same dopant with different doping levels. This material is commonly made by bonding one laser crystal with one or two undoped crystals by precise optical contact and further processing under high temperature.
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Compared with congruent LN (cLN) crysal, the electro-optic
coefficient, nonlinear optical coefficient, periodic polarization
reversal voltage and applied photorefractive properties of
stoichiometric LN (sLN) crystal are greatly improved. With such excellent
physical properties and wide application prospects, sLN crystal has rapidly become a competitive optoelectronic
material.sLN crystals are expected to be thermodynamically stable up to their melting temperature at 1170°C, while keeping a largerelectrical resistivity than cLN crystals by one order of magnitude at any temperature.
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