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2.1 Manipulating and understanding laser damage precursors through material growth processesCombined with the statistical model, information such as precursor density and threshold distribution can be extracted from the damage probability curve, which indirectly reflects the information of the precursor. The analysis shows that the KDP crystal (www.wisoptic.com) mainly contains a precursor with a threshold distribution.

1.5  ~ 4 μm laser crystals doped with Fe2+ Compared with Cr:ZnSe, Fe:ZnSe has a smaller band gap and is prone to produce thermally induced multi-phonon quenching, so both laser power and efficiency are low. In 1999, Adams et al. realized the tunable wavelength of 3.98-4.54 μm at low temperature for the first time in Fe:ZnSe, and obtained laser output with slope efficiency of 8.2%. Pumped by Er3+ doped or Cr:ZnSe @ 2.7 μm laser, 4.0 μm wavelength and 1 W level continuous laser output have been obtained at room temperature. In 2020, Pushkin et al.

1. 4  ~ 3 μm laser crystals doped with Er2+, U4+, Ho3+, Dy3+  As an active ion, Ho3+ has achieved laser output in the ~3 μm band (5I6→5I7). In 1976, researchers first realized 2.9 μm laser output in Ho:YAP crystal. In 1990, Bowman et al. obtained 2.85 μm and 2.92 μm laser outputs in Ho:YAP crystals, and obtained 2.92 μm band-tuned laser outputs in Ho:YAP crystals in the following year. In 2017, Nie et al. pumped Ho, Pr: LiLuF4 crystals with a 1 150 nm Raman fiber laser, achieving 2.95 μm watt-level laser output for the first time. In 2018, Zhang et al.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUEThe measurement technique consists primarily of a measurement of the variation of the angle of deviation with temperature. The crystals to be measured were 60-60-60° prisms approximately 15 mm on a side. They were attached to a temperature-controlled mount in a vacuum chamber. The temperature could be varied by varying the temperature of a liquid bath above the mount. Temperature was measured by thermocouples attached above and below the crystal. The crystal temperature was assumed to be the average of the two temperatures.

1. 3 2 ~ 3 μm laser crystals doped with Cr2+ The mid-infrared luminescence of transition metal ions (Ni2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, etc.) is based on 3d→3d transitions. According to the different types of sites occupied by transition metal ions in the host material, they can be divided into two categories: occupying octahedral sites with inversion symmetry (such as: Ni2+, Co2+ doped halides); Symmetric tetrahedral sites (such as: Ni2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Fe2+ doped II-VI compounds).

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The variant of refractive indices with temperature is an essential crystal parameter in nonlinear optics. it is well known that the wavelength at which 90° phase-matched 2nd-harmonic era happens depends on temperature. the variation of this wavelength with temperature can be predicted with a understanding of the variant of the refractive indices with temperature and is cited on this paper because the tuning price.

1. ~ 2 μm laser crystals doped with Tm3+ or Ho3+Tm3+ has a strong absorption near ~790 nm and a large absorption cross-section, so the ~790 nm commercial LD can be directly used as a pump source.

3 The main application of lithium tantalate crystal3.4 Pyroelectric detectorTo detect targets, pyroelectric detectors generally exchange heat with the outside environment through three methods: thermal convection, thermal conduction and thermal radiation. The working principle is: electrons are adsorbed on the surface of the pyroelectric material, and the surface is neutral; the temperature of the material surface changes when heated, and the electric dipole moment of the material changes; in order to keep the surface of the material neutral, the surface releases charges.

3 The main application of lithium tantalate crystal3.1 SAW Wave filterYang Qing-rui and others designed a resonator SAW filter using LiTaO3/SiO2/Si substrate. Figures 3 and 4 are optical photos of the device and partial scanning electron microscopy pictures of the device respectively. The interdigitated electrodes of the device in the picture are clear and no adhesion is seen.